Scientists have identified multiple evolutionarily conserved key signaling pathways that regulate the aging process through model organism and human genetics research. Interventions targeting these pathways have been proven to significantly extend healthy lifespan.

 mTOR pathway: The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a core regulator that enables cells to sense nutrient and energy status and control protein synthesis and autophagy. pass A persistently active mTOR signaling pathway can accelerate aging;

Sirtuins family: This is a class of NAD+-dependent deacetylases, known as "longevity proteins", involved in regulating DNA repair, inflammation Multiple aging-related processes such as metabolism and stress resistance;

FOXO protein family: These are important transcription factors that play a central role in regulating stress resistance, apoptosis, metabolism, and autophagy. They are downstream effectors of the insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway, and the inhibition of this pathway has been shown to be closely associated with longevity;

Based on the aforementioned targets, researchers are developing intervention tools through multiple technological pathways:

Small molecule drugs: This is the most mainstream direction, such as rapamycin (mTOR inhibitor), NAD+ precursors (NMN/NR), and dimethyl Biguanides, etc. They usually appear in the form of oral medications, which are easy to produce and distribute;

Peptides: Some synthetic peptides under investigation possess high specificity and biological activity, potentially offering greater targeting capabilities than small molecules;

Cell and gene therapy: This is a more cutting-edge and potent approach, encompassing stem cell therapy, senescent cell clearance agents, telomerase activation technology, and more.